Exam topics

1. Osmosis, diffusion, oncotic pressure
2. Causes of uneven distribution of ions on the two sides of plasma membrane
3. Transport of substances across plasma membrane
4. Body fluids compartments. Composition and measurement.
5. Generation of action potentials
6. Muscle contraction mechanics. isotonic and isometric contraction.
7. Contraction of smooth muscle
8. Action potentials in the heart
9. Pacemaker cells in the heart. Heart rate regulation.
10. ECG curve and its measurement
11. Cardiac and skeletal muscle contraction comparison
12. Excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac and skeletal muscles
13. Autoregulation of myocardial contraction (homeometric, heterometric)
14. Cardiac cycle: meaning of all parts of the PV loop
15. Cardiac output
16. Relation between blood pressure and blood flow
17. Blood pressure regulation
18. Long-term regulation of blood pressure by the kidneys
19. Neural regulation of cardiac output distribution
20. Local regulation of blood flow (metabolic, myogenic)
21. Coronary blood flow
22. Circulatory system response to physical exercise
23. Tissue fluid, circulation of lymph, regional differences in production of tissue fluid, Starling equation, capillary equilibrium
24. Factors determining composition of alveolar air and arterial blood. Effect of dead space.
25. Respiration mechanics. Respiratory muscles.
26. Factors determining lung compliance and airway resistance.
27. Respiratory work
28. Factors affecting ventilation/perfusion ratio. Consequences.
29. Diffusion of O2 and CO2 across the alveolar-capillary membrane. Limits of perfusion and diffusion.
30. Oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve
31. Transport of gasses by blood and factors affecting it
32. Chemical regulation of breathing
33. Neural regulation of breathing
34. Functional differences between systemic and pulmonary circulation
35. Types of hypoxia
36. Spirometry: principle of measurement. Static and dynamic parameters of the lungs
37. Renal blood flow. Its regulation and relationship to glomerular filtration.
38. Factors determining glomerular filtration
39. Glomerular filtration measurement. Renal blood flow measurement.
40. Tubular transport measurement
41. Proximal tubule transport mechanisms
42. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
43. Renal secretion of potassium
44. Renal secretion of urea. Ammonia metabolism in renal tubules.
45. Creation of concentrated and diluted urine. Regulation of water intake.
46. Kidney role in acid-base balance
47. Factors determining acid-base balance
48. Acidosis: causes and compensation
49. Alkalosis: causes and compensation
50. Skeletal muscle tone regulation. Gamma system.
51. Voluntary contraction of skeletal muscles.
52. Red blood cells. Erythropoiesis, function, and ontogenesis.
53. Blood types. Rh incompatibility between the baby's and mother's blood.
54. Haemostasis and hemocoagulation. Factors.
55. Swallowing: oesophageal motility, secretion of saliva, regulation
56. Regulation of gastric motility
57. Regulation of intestinal motility - small intestine
58. Regulation of intestinal motility - large intestine. Defecation.
59. Regulation of gastric juice secretion
60. Regulation of pancreatic juice secretion
61. Bile
62. Regulation of intestinal juice secretion
63. Digestion and absorption of water, nutrients, ions, and vitamins
64. Metabolism of iron, phosphates, and calcium. Calcemia regulation.
65. Thermoregulation. Heat loss. Ontogenesis of thermoregulation.
66. Function of hormones
67. Pituitary hormones and their importance for the development of an individual.
68. Thyroid gland function
69. Glucocorticoids
70. Adrenocorticoids
71. Endocrine function of the testes
72. Endocrine function of the ovaries. Menstrual cycle.
73. Endocrine function of the adipose tissue
74. Hormonal changes during pregnancy. Placenta. Delivery.
75. Changes in circulatory and respiratory systems at birth
76. Hormones and trophic changes during postnatal ontogenesis
77. Endocrine function of the pancreas. Regulation of glycemia. Clinical measurement.
78. Neuronal action potential. Function of myelin sheath.
79. Axon conductivity and nerve fibre typology
80. Neurotransmission. Metabotropic and ionotropic receptors.
81. Excitatory neurotransmitter systems
82. Inhibitory neurotransmitter systems
83. Blood-brain barrier. Glia cells. Extracellular milieu.
84. Brain ventricles. Cerebrospinal fluid: generation, composition, importance. Intracranial pressure.
85. Cerebral blood flow. Its regulation and metabolism of neurones.
86. Reflexes: mechanism and classification.
87. Spinal cord function
88. Voluntary control of movement
89. Role of basal ganglia in motor control
90. Role of the cerebellum in motor control
91. Regulation of gait and balance
92. Autonomic nervous system
93. EEG and evoked potentials
94. Reticular formation of the brainstem. Modulatory systems.
95. Sleep and wakefulness
96. Limbic system. Motivation and emotion.
97. Forms of memory
98. Memory trace formation
99. Speech and its disorders
100. Eye
101. Function of the retina
102. Ear. Auditory transduction.
103. Statokinetic system. Nystagmus.
104. Olfactory and gustatory systems
105. Somatosensory system, proprioception, pain